Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Obesity Cardiovascular Risk in Obesity: Mechanisms of Leptin Signaling and Leptin Resistance Lipid Disorders and the Metabolic Syndrome Adiponectin as a Cardiovascular Protectant

Obesity results in marked alterations in cardiac energy metabolism, with a prominent effect being an increase in fatty acid uptake and oxidation by the heart. Obesity also results in dramatic changes in the release of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, both of which have emerged as important regulators of cardiac energy metabolism. The link among obesity, cardiovascular disease, lipid metabolism, and adipokine signaling is complex and not well understood. However, optimizing cardiac energy metabolism in obese subjects may be one approach to preventing and treating cardiac dysfunction that can develop in this population. This review discusses what is presently known about the effects of obesity and the impact adipokines have on cardiac energy metabolism and insulin signaling. The clinical implications of obesity and energy metabolism on cardiac disease are also discussed. (Circ Res. 2007;101:335-347.)